商管學院
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東亞論壇季刊
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東亞論壇季刊473期英文
張學良與“九一八”不抵抗主義
胡玉海
遼寧大學歷史學院教授
張氏帥府博物館特聘研究員
摘要
在張學良不長的政治生涯中，經歷了數次重大的歷史轉折，而且每一次轉折都與近代中國的命運息息相關。作為歷史經歷者和和創造者，張學良在這些轉折中都扮演主要的角色。作為主角，他曾收穫人生輝煌——享受人們讚美的愉悅；他也遭受奇恥大辱——忍受人們辱駡的痛。張學良在九一八事變中，實行“不抵抗”是他一生中永遠的痛。
日本發動“九一八”事變侵略中國，東北軍奉行“不抵抗主義”，致使日軍在一夜之間佔領瀋陽，四個多月就佔據了全東北。不抵抗政策致使東北軍不戰而退，使東北山河轉瞬淪陷；不抵抗政策給東北人民帶來沉重災難，給中華民族帶來嚴重危機。同時，也讓張學良的人生軌跡發生重大改變，讓他長期背著不“不抵抗”將軍的駡名。“九一八”事變時，張學良和東北軍為什麼實行不抵抗主義？是誰提出的不抵抗主義？張學良與不抵抗主義是什麼關係？
張學良兵諫想法述評
何江亞
西安事變紀念館研究部副研究館員
西安事變研究會理事
“兵諫”，據辭書解釋，是指以軍事手段對君主或尊長規勸，迫使其改正錯誤的手段。在義大利語稱作“苦迭打”，即政變之意。有人可能會說，西安事變是逼蔣抗日，不是政變，而且扣蔣是楊虎城先提出來的，怎麼說是張學良兵諫想法呢？作為一種學術觀點，特別是聯繫長期以來，所謂張學良“魯莽”、“輕率”、“心血來潮”，還有什麼“任性”、“個人英雄主義”等非議，對張學良為爭取蔣介石抗日和實現第二次國共合作的意向，對他在對蔣“苦迭打”，實行兵諫的想法的產生與發展，作一些探討，看來是必要的。
Confinement and Related Poetry of
General Zhang Xueliang
James Yu-Shan Liu
Secretarial General, Ta-Hwa Institute of Technology
e-mail：mydodo@kimo.com
Abstract
This short paper discusses classic poetry of General Zhang Xueliang, and analyzes its meaning and metaphor in line with the legendary life of this once-powerful warlord, who masterminded the famous Xian Incident 1936. His life confinement, ordered by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek after this Incident, also deeply influenced the style and content of his limited yet admirable poetry works.
Keywords: General Zhang Xueliang, Xian Incident, poetry
The Restructuring and Transformation of East Asian Societies and Economies
Di-Hui Chen
Ph.D., Department of Sociology and Researcher of IEASE, Tunghai University
E-mail: thchen@thu.edu.tw
Abstract
China’s reform since 1979 and its rapid connection with global trade in the 1990s, global resources have been flowing towards China and accelerated its economic development. Foreign investors from East Asian countries occupied about 70% of the total foreign investment in China. At the same time, the trade deficit between China and the US increased, while the trade deficit between the US and other East Asian countries decreased. These phenomena suggest that the East Asian countries of the past have collaborated with China to form a new social entity, East Asian businessmen have played a significant role behind the rise of China. This change reflects the coming of age of a new manufacture system: The “East Asia to US” export mode has now transformed into a “East Asia via China to US” export mode. From global demand approach, East Asian businesses moved to China in order to strengthen the connection between global demand and Taiwanese manufacturing. On the other hand, while China is becoming the “global factory” and “consumer market” at the same time, East Asian export-orient production mode has transformed that aim to China domestic demand market.
Keywords: East Asia, China, Demand side, World factory, China domestic market
The Comparative Study of Cross National Customer Value to Product
*Ai-Ping Tai
Associate Professor, Department of International Trade
Ta Hwa Institute of Technology
**Mavis Huang
Part-time Lecturer
Department of International Business
Lunghwa University of Science Technology
Doctoral Candidate
American Purlinton University
Abstract:
With increasing competition in the global marketplace, value creation activities for many enterprises are become important. As business relationships with Asia increase, multinational enterprises are realizing that success depends on knowledge of cultural differences. So, a prime and basic question for many enterprises is how to construct a global strategy for existing product mixes through standardization or localization, so as to achieve success in regional or local markets.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate customer value of products, to view what attributes are important to consumers, and finally to make comparisons via a cross-national study. In this survey, a scale is constructed, which has four dimensions and seventeen criterions to measure customer perceived value (CPV) for products. An indirect method is applied in order to obtain criteria in three areas, Taiwan, Mainland China, and Hong Kong, which have the same cultural environments, to evaluate the product attributes and finally to make comparisons. The results yielded a wide array of both cross-national differences and similarities.
Keywords: comparative study, customer value, convenience product
Study on the Influences of Financial Performance and Corporate Value through Internationalization Depth
Yuang Shiang Chao
Assistant professor, Department of Finance, Yu Da University. PH.D in management, National Yunlin University of Science & Technology.
Zai Qiao Lee
Assistant professor, Department of Finance, Yu Da University. PH.D in accounting, National Taipei University.
Chi Hwa Pan
Lecturer, Department of Finance, Yu Da University.
Abstract
The main purpose of this thesis is to discuss the well-operated electrical companies which had been transacted in the Taiwan Exchange Stock Market. Focus of this research incorporated the following three dimensions into analysis and discussion: finance performance and corporate value, in the meanwhile, this thesis also provided the objective empirical results for references to cross-country corporate from Taiwan.
Final research outcomes interpretated that the degree of internationalized policy had positive relation with financial performance. Furthermore, internationalized policy apparently will decrease ratio of corporate liability and increase the ability of profit-gained. With regard to corporate value approach, the outcomes showed that degree of product diversification had positive relation with corporate value.
Keywords: Internationalized Depth, Finance Performance, Corporate Value
Modeling the Extreme Risk of Financial Consecutive Losses in Generalized Pareto Distributions
Sunwu Winfred Chen
Associate Professor, Department of International Business Management
Shih Chien University, Taiwan
e-mail:dasdino@yahoo.com.tw
Abstract
Highlighting the territory of extreme risk from an alternative angle, a drawdown measures the consecutive losses as a whole from a local peak to trough, rather than persists in following value-at-risk (VaR) as the absolute benchmark. Drawdown as a measure of extreme risk, however, has failed to attract the same kind of academic research and attention that are devoted to other traditional measures. Some pioneering studies are, therefore, expected to fill this research gap and attract more attentions from researchers and practitioners on drawdown applications.
This study intends to explore the modeling of drawdowns variables. Although there are no previous evidences that financial drawdowns are normal, thin-tailed, or thick-tailed distributions, the extreme value theory (EVT) provides flexibilities to model the drawdowns. Throughout our study, we apply limit laws for maxima and uniformity of the convergence to present a comprehensive justification of generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) modeling on drawdowns variables, based on the peak over threshold (POT) framework of EVT. Our justifications provide a theoretical foundation for future studies on the estimation of various promising empirical Drawdown-at-risk (DaR) values.
Keywords: Drawdown, Drawdown-at-risk, Extreme value theory, Generalized Pareto Distribution.
Dr. Sun Yat-Sen¢s “The International Development of China” and the China¢s Infrastructure Construction
Tien Chao-Jung
玄奘大學兼任助理教授
南亞技術學院兼任助理教授
Abstract
Waves of Industrialization spread over western world in the end of 19th and in the beginning of 20th century, when main industries in under-developed China were still dominated agriculture and handicraft industry. Sun Yat-Sen, pioneer of china¢s revolution, believe that the main reason of china¢s poverty and weakness is the backward productivity. Therefore, he made a big “The International Development of China” in order to developing china¢s economic construction all over by using foreign capital. He planed systematically routs of china¢s industrialization and strategy for development. Not only the content of the plan , but also ideas of its implementation have greatly impacted China¢s infrastructure construction since the 1920s.
Keywords: Sun Yat-Sen, The International Development of China, China, Infrastructure construction
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